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> Racists deserve free speech, and our society is better for it.
To the extent that our society is better for extending free speech to racists it has nothing to do with them deserving anything, but with the costs of empowering any fallible human institution to deny anyone things that that particular group of people do not deserve, and the cost of failing to make that distinction is being susceptible to being convinced that some other group truly does not deserve it and therefore some institution should be empowered to identify members of that group and deny it to them.
You would have someone like Code for America build a minimum viable open source super app that cities could have customized for their needs.
The strategic thinking revolves around "how do we put ads in without everyone getting massively pissed?" sort of questions.
> is better solved by improved education
From the article, this has nothing to do with education. It's:
> The app is mainly designed to help users block and track lost or stolen smartphones across all telecom networks, using a central registry. It also lets them identify, and disconnect, fraudulent mobile connections.
If your phone gets stolen, you can disable it.
I'm not saying that a government app is necessarily the right or best way to go about this, but to suggest that this can be solved with education misses the point entirely. No amount of education is going to prevent someone on a bike swiping my phone from my hand and cycling off with it.
And as long as the app isn't otherwise spying on you (and there's no mention of that), I don't see much of what this has to do with freedom either. The freedom to steal someone's phone and use it without being blocked? There are already a bunch of apps on my phone I can't uninstall, so that's not new.
Wrapping every IO operation into a channel operation is fairly expensive. You can get an idea of how fast it would work now by just doing it, using a goroutine to feed a series of IO operations to some other goroutine.
It wouldn't be quite as bad as the perennial "I thought Go is fast why is it slow when I spawn a full goroutine and multiple channel operations to add two integers together a hundred million times" question, but it would still be a fairly expensive operation. See also the fact that Go had fairly sensible iteration semantics before the recent iteration support was added by doing a range across a channel... as long as you don't mind running a full channel operation and internal context switch for every single thing being iterated, which in fact quite a lot of us do mind.
(To optimize pure Python, one of the tricks is to ensure that you get the maximum value out of all of the relatively expensive individual operations Python does. For example, it's already handling exceptions on every opcode, so you could win in some cases by using exceptions cleverly to skip running some code selectively. Go channels are similar; they're relatively expensive, on the order of dozens of cycles, so you want to make sure you're getting sufficient value for that. You don't have to go super crazy, they're not like a millisecond per operation or something, but you do want to get value for the cost, by either moving non-trivial amount of work through them or by taking strong advantage of their many-to-many coordination capability. IO often involves moving around small byte slices, even perhaps one byte, and that's not good value for the cost. Moving kilobytes at a time through them is generally pretty decent value but not all IO looks like that and you don't want to write that into the IO spec directly.)
> Christians don't drink or use contraceptives?
They're talking about a very particular sort of pseudo-insurance plan.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_sharing_ministry
They can and do exclude whole swaths of what normal health insurers have to cover. They don't even have a legal requirement to pay out at all.
https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/health-care-cost-...
> Beyond restricting maternity coverage, many groups’ policies state that they won’t reimburse for prescriptions, routine doctor’s visits, contraceptives or mental health or substance use services. Coverage for medical conditions that predate someone’s membership is often excluded, as well. And health care sharing ministries aren’t required by law to limit out-of-pocket costs or maintain large cash reserves to cover members’ bills the way insurance companies are.
I'm not so sure that the numbers will bear out what you sketch here. If we assume a drone flight per package and we scale this up to get rid of all of the delivery vehicles the number of people hit by and killed by drones will rise substantially. Drones are immature tech at best and a 5 Kg drone will put you in the morgue on impact with a greater likelihood than an accident with a delivery van. Gravity has no brakes and a drone isn't going to be able to refuse its imperative when the tech inevitably fails. I think you have to watch out not to be so 'anti' one thing that you end up with another that is as bad or even worse. Maybe the solution isn't drones and not delivery vans either.
Cue lots of managers using this title to push the 'back to the office' movement a bit further.
There are so many axis other than 'output', and some of them are a lot more important. For instance 'quality'. And 'employee happiness' and 'employee retention'. The term 'human capital' is such a terrible one to use as an abstraction. Capital is something you expend, once you start looking at people as just another resource to make ROI on you're asking to be treated the same way in reverse.
@Dang: suggested title change: "The Power of Proximity to Coworkers: Training for Tomorrow or Productivity Today?"
full text:
https://pallais.scholars.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum592...
Check out his work with Jon Hassel and if you feel like it 'Pearl'.
Both are - in my opinion, of course - awesome. Though the Jon Hassel collaboration may take a while to grow on you.
It's 'Garry' and besides that guy gets too much airtime already.
Better stick to LTS distros and even then....
Any sort of atrophy of anything is because you don't need the skill any more. If you need the skill, it won't atrophy. It doesn't matter if it's LLMs or calculators or what, atrophy is always a non-issue, provided the technology won't go away (you don't want to have forgotten how to forage for food if civilization collapses).
You could have a similar console on IE already back then, naturally it only worked on Windows, and MS being MS, the expectation was that either Office Tools or VS would be installed, as it was provided via them in a way similar to Firebug.
There was also the integration with Dreamweaver, Frontpage.
Great news, Stride has been coming along quite nicely during the last years.
Yeah, I can confirm, before LLMs I definitely thought coding would be the last thing to go.
I have a bridge to sell...
Putin is a kleptocrat and a murderer.
No, obviously it's all just Not Eating Healthy. Calories are irrelevant, because Body Is Magic and Not As Simple AS "calories in, calories out".
> I could write a blog of interesting Pod behavior. I thought having one or a pair in each room would be nice. No, more of them is not nice. Constant bizarreness.
Oh my fucking god, thank you. I have one in my kitchen and one in the living room, and every few weeks they decide it would be the bees knees to have a 3AM conversation with one another.
> "VAE: WAN2.2-VAE" so it's just a Wan2.2 edit
No, using the WAN 2.2 VAE does not mean it is a WAN 2.2 edit.
> compressed to 7B.
No, if it was an edit of the WAN model that uses the 2.2 VAE, it would be expanded to 7B, not compressed (the 14B models of WAN 2.2 use the WAN 2.1 VAE, the WAN 2.2 VAE is used by the 5B WAN 2.2 model.)
True, I should have specified that the timing I was providing was the Western tradition; the Orthodox (both Eastern and Oriental, I believe) tradition has a 40-day Nativity Fast (in some, the name is different in others) mirroring the 40-day season of Lent, that is similar (in terms of being a preparatory season for the Feast of the Nativity) to the Western Advent.
I was curious about the BASIC capabilities, so
https://bitsavers.org/pdf/tektronix/405x/070-2142-02_Tek_405...
As someone that is slowly being dragged into agents, and AI powered tooling, I am start to see language wars even more worthless than they used to be.
Manual memory versus GC, JIT, AOT, interpreted, begin/end or curly brackets, unsafe or not, whatever.
We will be slowly moving into some kind specifications for autonomous systems (please not YAML based), up to a point, and language wars will become a moot point, only relevant to the selected few implementing the low level parts of how everything comes together.
My only complaints about Ruby, as someone that never really did much with it, would be a more Smalltalk like dev experience (not sure how RubyMine fares), given its influences, and a proper JIT in the box (which is happening).
This is interesting, but falls just short of explaining what's going on. Why does UDP work for ICMP? What does the final packet look like, and how is ICMP different from UDP? None of that is explained, it's just "do you want ICMP? Just use UDP" and that's it.
It would have been OK if it were posted as a short reference to something common people might wonder about, but I don't know how often people try to reimplement rootless ping.
I was eagerly waiting for the Larry and Curly models.
They're overstated. The median commute time in the USA is about 27 minutes each way. NYC is the highest at 33 min.
I think the $70k downpayment mentioned in the original comment is what changes the math from "impossible" to "25 years or so".
Not really, otherwise you would be getting SteamOS native builds.
It is up to Valve to sort it up, they are the ones that care, otherwise they will need to pay Windows licenses, which is really what this is all about, while pretending to be some kind of white knights.
If these details were harmful, don't you think it would take less than sixty years to discover them?
0 to 60mph in 6.8 seconds.
The 0-60mph time for a 2025 Ford F-150 pickup truck is 5.8 seconds. Today's "performance" cars are in the 2 to 3 second range.
It was a more leisurely time.
Best of luck to you! I spent many hours trying to understand and generate proper Dwarf tables.
Probably the same answer as "how do you brake", you use the pedals to slow down.
Whenever I'm in the office, I get zero work done. It's great for socialising and catching up with colleagues, but abysmal for productivity.
Given how bad Project Reunion went, that is being too positive.
> Once a contract is deployed on the blockchain, its source code is immutable.
Maybe. Some smart contracts have calls to other contracts that can be changed.[1] This turns out to have significant legal consequences.
[1] https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/smart-contracts-ru...
Varies by country. [1] Europe, even within the Schengen zone, is split on this.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_identity_card...
What really struck me, besides the nice car is the quality of the text of the article.
Yeah but use of the models isn't limited to the company.
It's been all downhill for Mozilla since Brendan Eich was fired.
Sounds great to me actually. I’m glad the states still have the leverage to do this.
I’m surprised folks aren’t already grinding against smart contract security in prod with gen AI and agents. If they are, I suppose they are not being conspicuous by design. Power and GPU time goes in, exploits and crypto comes out.
Real poverty is not in fact "closer to $140,000 than to $31,000" and economics people have been dunking on that claim for a week now on Twitter.
Richard Weiss got Claude Opus 4.5 to spit out this lengthy document that turns out to be part of its training (not its system prompt) and defines its personality and ethics - he wrote about how he did that here: https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/vpNG99GhbBoLov9og/claude-4-5...
Amanda Askell from Anthropic just confirmed that the document is indeed part of their supervised learning training: https://x.com/AmandaAskell/status/1995610567923695633
> I just want to confirm that this is based on a real document and we did train Claude on it, including in SL. It's something I've been working on for a while, but it's still being iterated on and we intend to release the full version and more details soon.
I have no problem with LLM generated PRs in my repo, I merged one the other day and it was very helpful. What I do have a problem with is two things:
0. Make the PR reviewable. That means small, logically distinct PRs, not one huge PR with a bunch of stuff in it.
1. You are 100% completely responsible for the code. I gave the maintainer some feedback on how to add a few lines of comments, they gave that to the LLM, which changed an unrelated path in a pre-commit hook. That's unacceptable, I don't want to babysit your LLM because you can't be bothered to review its output.
2. If I talk to you, I expect you to talk to me. I asked the author a question with a simple answer, and got four pages of LLM ELI5. If I wanted to read four pages of text, I'd open Anna Karenina.
You might notice that the above requirements don't have anything to do with LLMs. I expect them whether a person wrote the PR or an LLM. It's basic etiquette.
I don't think OSS contributors suddenly went crazy and started being rude, but I do think that LLMs allow people who have never contributed to OSS before to start doing it, before they know the rules of OSS etiquette. I'm not sure that's a net positive, but I hope we'll all learn.
Yes, there are a few. Anthropic released one just last week.
So the 4D chess move in April '25 was importing a boatloads of Gucci, car parts and jamón ibérico [1], undercutting the competition, stiffing CBP and then mailing in a gilded copy of the SCOTUS opinion saying you owe fuckall?
[1] https://finance.yahoo.com/news/5-biggest-price-hikes-tied-10...
With $85/month service (AT&T unlimited premium with only a single line) and financing a $2,000 phone (The smaller storage version of the Galaxy Z Fold 7 at MSRP) over 18 months, you’d hit almost exactly that; you could so the same with a cheaper service and/or phone with some add-ons (e.g., while Apple Care is billed directly by Apple and so wouldn't be on a phone bill, insurance for non-Apple phones is often billed by carriers on phone bills.)
This is just the conversational interface issue. You need the system to be able to do most of the things you would expect a human to be able to do (e.g. if you're talking to your phone, you'd expect it to be able to do most phone things). If the conversational system can only do a small subset of those, then it just becomes a game of "discover the magical incantation that will be in the set of possibilities", and becomes an exercise in frustration.
This is why LLMs are the first conversational interface to actually have a chance of working, once you give them enough tools.
Its purpose was to get training data for speech recognition. Once Google’s speech recognition was working reliably, there wasn’t much reason to offer the service got free.
Where is this "real AI" you speak of?
> it really feels like Apple focused so much on privacy and now has no strategy of how to make that work with AI right now
I see Apple dusting off its OG playbook.
We're in the minicomputing era of AI. If scaling continues to bear fruit, we'll stay there for some time. Potentially indefinitely. If, however, scaling plateaus, miniaturisation retakes precedence. At that point, Apple's hardware (and Google's mindshare) incumbency gains precedence.
In the meantime, Apple builds devices and writes the OS that commands how the richest consumers on Earth store and transmit their data. That gives them a default seat at every AI table, whether they bother to show up or not.
Literally doesn’t matter to the people making these decisions. It’s unfortunate.
> Because children don’t contribute to GDP
The simplest model of GDP is productivity per capital times population. And the simplest model in finance is moving cash flows around in time.
> wasn't a SINGLE ONE that would tolerate someone declining EVERY MEETING when the culture does not align to the ideals this presentation outlines
Well yes, if the culture doesn't allow it then it's not going to happen. That doesn't mean those cultures don't exist or that they can't be created, even if just in a pocket
> What's the benefit of working remote from your team but next to random, noisy people?
You'll cross-pollinate across functions. Or at least increase the chances of that happening. Not saying that's worth the tradeoff. But my time in the office often finds serendipitious value in random off-team conversations, not scheduled time.
Well, I am quite sure in many European countries I can refuse that practice as per work legislation.
Now if people aren't keen into fighting for their rights, that is another matter.
And the employees most likely to quit will be ones with responsibilities that make it difficult to do the commute 5 days a week - kids to pick up from daycare, health issues to manage, a social life in the evenings, travel plans - basically the exact category that a company like Meta would want to replace with a younger, more exploitable bunch.
I'm not a fan of Ruby, but the original Wired article is pure, distilled rage-clickbait, and nobody should be dignifying it. An interesting case where there'd be a more generous reading had the piece run solely on a blog, rather than on Wired.com.
But even if it had been written in good faith, this species of article (specifically: harsh critiques of popular programming languages written by people who aren't ongoing practitioners in that language) are a toxin to HN, the resulting language fights they gin up one of our closest equivalents to a cytokine storm. Don't feed into them.
"Dark pattern" implies intentionality; that's not a technicality, it's the whole reason we have the term. This article is mostly about how sycophancy is an emergent property of LLMs. It's also 7 months old.
I wouldn't say that human intelligence is "the pinnacle" but I do think that more intelligence might not turn into the ability to solve harder problems.
For instance the problem with high energy physics is not that people don't have ideas but rather we have limited experimental and observational results that would let us tell one theory from another.
Similarly I don't think more intelligence would help in solving the Collatz conjecture.
59 year olds were born in 1966, so the average homebuyer is from Gen X, not a Boomer.
That's not the point of this thread. The original point is whether there's any desirable mass surveillance. I think we've pretty much shown there isn't.
Potentially helpful citations below:
So you're a manager now - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44745123 - July 2025 (185 comments)
The Manager’s Path: A Guide for Tech Leaders Navigating Growth and Change [Learning Notes] - https://keyvanakbary.github.io/learning-notes/books/the-mana...
What does this app actually do, in detail? Anyone know?
BYD Sold Nearly Three Times As Many Cars As Tesla In Europe - https://www.carscoops.com/2025/11/byd-sold-nearly-3-times-as... - November 26th, 2025
* Chinese automakers now hold 6.8% of total European new car sales.
* BYD’s European sales jumped 206.8% in October compared to 2024.
* Tesla’s sales plunged 48.5% in October to just 6,964 vehicles.
It's still facing the headwind that a lot of people still don't believe that Steam can give you a lean-back experience which is fun like a game console. Some people still think PC games all have sweaty keyboard and mouse control schemes and those crappy huge joysticks from the 1990s that were always falling apart and had to be recalibrated every few minutes -- and that's what is keeping the PS5 alive.
> don’t see it as a bad thing for Intel
Isn't this a ringing success for their strategy of separating chip design from fabrication?
I dunno. The 6502 has been a $2 part for a long time but needs RAM and some glue logic, for a similar price you can get an AVR-8 [1] or ESP-32 [2] and get some RAM and GPIO.
[1] faster, more registers than the IBM 360, << 64k RAM
[2] much faster, 32bit, >> 64k RAM
~4M homes transacted in 2025. Price levels will decline over time, it's just who has to sell first. Life/forced sales (divorce, death, relo, downsize for costs, etc) are up first vs irrational sellers pining for historical price levels. Foreclosures are rising (especially in Florida, taxes and insurance going up), but not materially imho (yet? tbd based on how the economy holds up, all real estate is local).
Delistings Jump 28% as Sellers Pull Homes Off Market Rather Than Settle For Low Prices - https://www.redfin.com/news/delistings-jump-sellers-pull-hom... - November 25th, 2025
Foreclosures Rise for 8th Straight Month—These States Have the Worst Rates - https://www.realtor.com/news/trends/foreclosure-increase-att... - November 14th, 2025
Pending Home Sales Slip As Would-Be Buyers Wait For Lower Rates and Economic Clarity - https://www.redfin.com/news/housing-market-update-pending-sa... - November 13th, 2025
(real estate market participant)
Only the rc0, v5 is not GA. Hugging Face has been confusing on this point on social media.
> Nothing is final and things are still actively in movement. We have a section dedicated to what is planned for future release candidates, yet is known not to work in the RC0. Look for "Disclaimers for the RC0".
> We'll be eagerly awaiting your feedback in our GitHub issues!
> Do they actually have a choice?
Yes. Apple's revenues are half as much as the government of India's [1][2]. That's a resource advantage that gives Cupertino real leverage against New Delhi.
[1] https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/10/apple-reports-fourth-... $102.5bn / quarter
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_governmen... $827bn / year
> WhatsApp is the only chat app I've encountered that refuses to work if you don't give it access to your contacts*
I've never given it access to my contacts. (iOS.) It's worked fine. I recently started giving it access to a limited set of my contacts, but that was for convenience.
A: and B: were both for floppies, dual floppy systems were around and common, both with and without hard disks, long before Zip disks existed, and Zip disks came around far too late (1994!) to influence the MS-DOS naming standard.
I think it's a broader macro issue of software companies up against crazy AI valuations and investing momentum. Software company multiples and valuations should recover (imho, n=1) when AI fever cools.
> GitLab drew the headlines, but ARK trimmed multiple holdings as it doubled down on themes she feels have more punch in the near term.
> That’s a familiar ARK playbook: Wood cuts exposure where momentum cools off, while adding to disruptors, keeping the portfolio pointed toward the more fast-moving corners of innovation.
Capital folks are trimming what they believe to be slower or slowing growth enterprises to free up capital to follow the AI momentum trade.
(not investing advice, thoughts and opinions always my own)
Double hyphen is replaced in some software with an en-dash (and in those, a triple hyphen is often replaced with an em-dash), and in some with an em-dash; its usually used (other than as input to one of those pieces of software) in places where an em-dash would be appropriate, but in contexts where both an em-dash set closed and an en-dash set open might be used, it is often set open.
So, it’s not unambiguously s substitute for either is essentially its own punctuation mark used in ASCII-only environments with some influence from both the use of em-dashed and that of en-dashes in more formal environments.
Thankfully getting laptops with 32 GB on PC land isn't the same as paying Apple premium.
Tax subsized bailouts usually are structured to protect the corporation as a separate entity, creditors (compared to letting the org continue on its unimpeded path), employees, and sometimes, beyond their position as current creditors, suppliers, but not as often do they protect existing equity holders.
Costco, Bosch, companies with moats who aren't extracting from their customers (broadly speaking). I would've included Southwest Airlines until Elliot Management came in to squeeze the org for returns, and has enshittified the carrier in the process.
FusionAuth | Senior Java Engineer, Senior Security Engineer, Account Executive | Varies between REMOTE and ONSITE in Denver, CO, USA, details in job desc | Salaries listed on job req, but for the Java Engineer it is 140k-180k
Our mission is to make authentication and authorization simple and secure for every developer building web and mobile applications. We want devs to stop worrying about auth and focus on building something awesome. We also just acquired a fine-grained authorization company ( https://fusionauth.io/blog/fusionauth-acquires-permify ) and are going to be building in that area as well.
There are a lot of companies in the auth space, but we feel like we have something special:
* a unique deployment model (self-host on-prem or in your cloud or run in our cloud)
* A well designed API first approach; one customer compared our app to petrichor
* a mature product (the code base is nine+ years old and we've found and fixed a lot of the sharp edges around core login use cases; there are plenty more features to add)
* the CTO is the founder and still writes code
* a full featured free-as-in-beer version which makes the sales cycle easier; prospects often come in having prototyped an integration already
Our core software is commercial with a "free as in beer" version. We also open source much of our supporting infrastructure. Technologies and standards that you will work with: Modern Java, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Docker, Kubernetes, OAuth, SAML, OIDC.
Learn more, including about benefits and salaries, and apply here: https://fusionauth.io/careers/ ( Click/tap the 'View open positions' orange button. )
Thank you. The idea that this is due to ads makes complete sense, as there's a lot of indication that Netflix charges more for ads showing on a TV (more people likely to view) than on a mobile device (usually only one person).
The fact that casting is still supported for older Chromecasts only on ad-free plans makes this the likeliest explanation to me. Netflix doesn't want to be paid lower rates on ads that are actually getting shown on the TV.
"Microservices" were called "microservices" because "service-oriented architecture" had devolved in practice, and even moreso in the general consciousness which had largely rejected it for this reason, into near-monoliths that supported SOAP and the WS-* series of standards for integration.
Then, after they became popular, people got carried away with the "micro" bit, and "microservices" started getting rejected because the associated practice had skewed in the opposite direction that had caused "SOA" to be rejected.
I guess the next iteration needs to be "goldilocks services".
It's not the future. Tell him not to do that. If it happens again, bring it to the attention of his manager. Because that's not what he's being paid for. If he continues to do it, that's grounds for firing.
What you're describing is not the future. It's a fireable offense.
Having key browser implementers not involved in the standards processes is what lead us to the W3C wasting several years chasing XHTML 2.0.
You may find you get more value out of this project if you publish the source code - even if you do so not under an open source license.
Asking people to download and run an untrusted Windows executable is a major barrier to demonstrating your skills. I don't even have a Windows machine to hand to try it out on!
Showing the source code would give people a much better idea of what you can do.
If you're not willing to publish the source code (and that's a perfectly reasonable decision, it's your work!) I suggest creating a video that demonstrates the project.
It'll be in PDF sooner, and my experience is that PDF >> any other system for ebooks. I liked the idea of EPUB but when I recently installed an EPUB reader to read some files I was shocked at how awful it looked whereas for 15 years I've been reading PDF files on tablets with relish.
An incredible machine. I didn't remember this one had a dot-matrix font - later ones had a vector-based one. I'd love to see the definitions for this latter screen font.
I remember the time when smart homes used to feature in sci-fi literature and concept videos. Being able to walk around your house while having everything seamlessly synced and tailored to your preferences was clearly the future. TV, movies and music automatically playing in whatever room your enter. Files and all other data seamlessly synced between all your devices. Not having to think about how to make the tech work, because it all just works.
The frustrating thing is that we've had all the tech to make this possible for at least 10-20 years now. Yet "smart" homes are getting worse with every passing year. Why? Because consumer technology is monopolized by a handful of large corporations whose goal isn't to make people's lives easier but build walled gardens and restrictions to best extract every last cent.
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa is common in the environment and in serious infections that people get in and out of the hospital.
> Isn't that part of the cause?
Probably not significantly, IMO.
> It sucks up so much investment, there's nothing left for anything else.
Tariff-inflated input costs combined with weak consumer demand are the reason the rest of the economy is slow, and the reason there aren’t places woth strong and near-term upsides for investment dollars to go. AI being the only thing attracting investment is the effect, not the cause.
Is this a joke? It's so hard to tell these days.
What's a good alternative to 2010 Thinkpad X200 series, with potential for coreboot support?
The latest DeepSeek and Kimi open weight models are competitive with GPT-5.
If every AI lab were to go bust tomorrow, we could still hire expensive GPU servers (there would suddenly be a glut of those!) and use them to run those open weight models and continue as we do today.
Sure, the models wouldn't ever get any better in the future - but existing teams that rely on them would be able to keep on working with surprisingly little disruption.
I said call your representative about arbitration, not privacy. Because arbitration is everywhere -- not installing an app isn't going to make much difference.
Reps' offices absolutely tally the subjects their constituents call about, and it affects what bills they vote for and propose. Obviously it has to be lots of people calling, but those are made of individuals. There are tons of examples of successful organizing leading to change. But yes it definitely takes organizational effort.
> Sanders and Mamdani are about as far left of center as one can get at the moment
No, they aren’t. They are about as far left of center as you can get and be competitive in US elections, maybe, but that’s a very different thing. There’s a lot to their left (as you an see from the by the opposition from leftist as sellouts to capitalist/imperialist/etc. institutions both have.)